秸秆和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作小麦田土壤团聚体氮组分的影响

利用田间定位试验研究旱作农田不同覆盖措施对土壤团聚体氮组分的影响。基于黄土高原8年冬小麦覆盖定位试验,试验设置生育期秸秆覆盖(SM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3个处理。采用干筛法测定团聚体分布特征及不同粒径团聚体中全氮(STN)、微生物量氮(MBN)和潜在可矿化氮(PNM)含量。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,2种覆盖处理均未在各粒径团聚体全氮含量有显著变化,但SM处理相较于PM处理提高了0—10 cm土层的1.00～0.25 mm粒径团聚体STN含量(12.88%,P0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比,SM处理在0—10 cm土层中2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量分别提高18.67%,24.05%,20.08%(P0.05),且各粒径团聚体PNM含量分别提高35.13%,30.03%,42.88%(P0.05);SM处理在10—20 cm土层中2.00 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量提高23.02%(P0.05),分别提高2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量28.59%,31.31%,32.48%(P0.05)。(3)PM处理较CK处理提高0—10 cm土层中0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量(32.34%,P0.05)。(4)微团聚体(0.25 mm)氮组分含量均高于大团聚(0.25 mm)氮组分含量,但大团聚体氮组分贡献率为81.88%～87.66%。可见,SM处理可提高土壤表层大团聚体氮组分的贡献率,使更多的氮素储存在大团聚体中,而PM处理对团聚体氮素贡献率的影响作用较小。总体而言,与CK和PM处理相比,SM处理可提高总土壤氮组分含量,提高微团聚体和大团聚体氮组分含量,使更多的氮储存在大团聚体中,促进土壤氮素周转。     

秸秆还田与化肥减施对水稻生长指标及光合参数的影响

针对水稻生产中存在秸秆处理不当以及化肥用量增多等问题,以山东省济宁市稻麦轮作体系下水稻“圣稻18号”为研究对象,通过田间试验设置3个处理:常规施肥,小麦秸秆不还田(CK);常规施肥+小麦秸秆全量还田(T1);常规施肥量的85%+小麦秸秆全量还田(T2),深入探究秸秆还田与化肥减施对不同生育期水稻生长、光合参数和产量的影响,为制定合理的水稻种植措施提供理论依据。结果表明,稻麦轮作体系下秸秆还田不利水稻前期生长,但能显著提高水稻生长中、后期的生长指标,并增强水稻生长中、后期对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收。水稻生长中后期T2处理的叶绿素含量、净光合速率以及光谱反射率均为最高,其中灌浆期SPAD值与净光合速率分别较CK处理升高4.4%和37.5%;另外,T2处理生长后期的Fv/Fm、PIabs均较前期所升高。试验还表明,T2处理水稻产量最高,比CK处理增产13.1%,增产的直接原因是单位面积有效穗数的增加。综上所述,秸秆还田配合化肥减施有助于水稻栽培生产中实现高产增效,在实际生产中值得推广应用。     

小麦秸秆长度、覆盖量对坡面产流产沙的影响

为定量研究小麦秸秆覆盖对坡面产沙产流过程及减水减沙效益的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究在降雨强度为90 mm/h时,不同秸秆长度和秸秆覆盖量下的坡面产流产沙特征和产流产沙过程规律,结果表明:(1)在相同秸秆长度下,随秸秆覆盖量增加,产流量产沙量极显著减少(p0.01)。相同覆盖量水平下随秸秆长度增加,产流量显著增加(p0.05),在4.5 t/hm~2覆盖量下产沙量极显著增加(p0.01)。(2)秸秆覆盖坡面的初始产流时间较裸露坡面延迟6.23倍,产流量平均下降19.5%,产沙量下降31.6%。覆盖措施通过保护土壤的结构有效抑制了细沟侵蚀过程向切沟侵蚀发展。产流产沙过程受秸秆长度和覆盖量的交互作用影响,交互效应对产流过程的影响更突出。(3)随覆盖量增加,减水减沙效益极显著增加(p0.01);随长度增加,减水减沙效益分别减少为17.26%,27.97%。不同覆盖条件下的坡面产流量、产沙量和减水、减沙效益均与秸秆长度、秸秆覆盖量呈二元线性关系。(4)在当前试验条件下,当秸秆长度为3～5 cm,覆盖量为4.5 t/hm~2时达到最优减水减沙效益。     

土壤不同形态碳氮含量和酶活性对培养时间及外源碳投入的响应

在绿色农业科技的推动下,有机物料资源化利用备受青睐,但有机物料种类不同对土壤肥力的提升效果不同,为探究有机物料施用对潮土不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性的动态影响,通过为期1年的培养试验,设置添加10 g/kg的秸秆菌渣(S)、树枝菌渣(B)、小麦秸秆(W)、黑麦草秸秆(R)和蚕豆秸秆(BB),并以空白处理作为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,有机物料施用显著增加土壤不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性,随培养时间的延长,有机碳及全氮含量呈增加的趋势,增幅分别为25.4%～42.9%和35%～60%,易氧化有机碳和碱解氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值分别为2.80,43.26 mg/kg,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮和酶活性则呈下降的趋势,最大值分别为346 mg/kg,293μg/g和23.08μg/g。有机物料施用会增加土壤酶活性提高土壤呼吸速率,通过对3个取样期7种水解酶的分析发现,酶活性表现为:LAPPHOSNAGBGCBAGXYL,即参与氮循环酶活性参与磷循环酶活性参与碳循环酶活性,绿肥秸秆主要增加氮循环酶活性,且以BB处理酶活性最高,菌菇渣主要增加碳循环酶活性,B处理酶活性高于S处理。有机物料施用会影响土壤酶活性,增加不同形态碳氮含量,但增幅因有机物料种类不同而有所差异,且碳氮组分对培养时间的响应不一。总体而言,小麦秸秆和蚕豆秸秆腐殖化系数最高,对不同组分碳氮含量增加效果最优。     

控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响

施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。     

添加秸秆对不同有机含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响

通过向低（LSOM）、中（MSOM）、高（HSOM）及去除（RSOM）有机质土壤中添加玉米秸秆进行室内培养试验，研究秸秆添加量对不同有机质含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响。结果表明，在15℃恒温培养150天后，土壤pH、交换性盐基离子、CEC和盐基饱和度的含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而上升，交换性H⁺、交换性Al³⁺含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而降低；其中，秸秆添加量为10~15 g/kg时，LSOM处理中土壤pH增幅、交换性Al³⁺及交换性H⁺含量减幅最大；秸秆添加量为15~20 g/kg时，在MSOM和HSOM处理中土壤pH增幅及土壤交换性Al³⁺、交换性H⁺含量减幅最大；且HSOM处理添加秸秆后对降低土壤酸度效果最好。土壤中添加秸秆后可明显提高土壤酸碱缓冲能力，且土壤对加碱侧表现出的缓冲区间比酸侧明显；土壤的缓冲容量随秸秆添加量增加而升高，且HSOM处理对酸碱缓冲能力 > MSOM处理 > LSOM处理 > RSOM处理。     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护研究

文章针对凤凰村秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护中存在的问题,进行分析并提出了相应的解决办法,为今后秸秆沼气集中供气工程建设及运营提供经验和借鉴。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

棉秆隔层对土壤水分入渗及水盐分布的影响研究

采用室内土柱实验,研究了裸地、棉秆隔层表层放置、棉秆隔层15cm、30cm、45cm和60cm处放置6个处理的土壤入渗特征及入渗后土壤水盐分布,以期对盐碱地改良提供依据。结果表明：棉秆隔层的设置降低了土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量,有利于棉秆隔层以上盐分的淋洗；秸秆隔层的设置降低土壤水分的蒸发,有利于隔层以下土壤水分的保持；各处理盐分均出现表聚,其中秸秆表层覆盖盐分表聚最小。